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Adipic acid is one of the most commercially important aliphatic dicarboxylic acids. It is produced on a large scale primarily to supply the nylon 6,6 production chain. Other applications include the manufacture of coatings, synthetic lubricants, fibers, plastics, plasticizers and polyurethane resins. Adipic acid production has been predominantly based on cyclohexane and, to a lesser extent, phenol. Shifts in the hydrocarbon market and growing environmental concerns have resulted in the development of alternative production routes for adipic acid from renewable resources, such as sugar and fatty acids.